Biological Races in Humans

Races may exist in humans in a cultural sense, but biological concepts of race are needed to access their reality in a non-species-specific manner and to see if cultural categories correspond to biological categories within humans. Modern biological concepts of race can be implemented objectively with molecular genetic data through hypothesis-testing. Genetic data sets are …

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The Soviet – US Future That Never Was

At the October 1986 summit in Reykjavik, U.S. President Ronald Reagan and Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev and their teams found themselves in a parallel universe, where the Strategic Defense Initiative had potential, in Reagan’s view, to protect U.S. citizens from nuclear ballistic missile attack and, in Gorbachev’s view, to negate the Soviet Union’s deterrent forces, …

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Conservative U.S. Statecraft for the 21st Century

American conservatives should be pleased. They hold a set of beliefs and assumptions that, when applied to current policy challenges, will enable the United States to navigate a difficult and complex global environment. The principles that undergird a conservative foreign policy—the primacy of liberty, national sovereignty, military power, and a realistic appreciation for the inherently competitive nature of …

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The Issues that Will Decide the Midterm Election

As we approach the conclusion of the 2022 election season, the political environment appears to have drifted halfway between early-year extremes. Prior to the Supreme Court’s decision on abortion rights, the GOP seemed poised to ride economic issues – particularly inflation – to a convincing midterm victory. The court’s ruling in Dobbs pushed the momentum back toward …

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Democracy and the Relevance Realization of Distributed Cognition: Can Collective Intelligence Become Collective Wisdom?

John Vervaeke has been teaching at the University of Toronto since 1994 and became an Associate Professor in 2019. He currently teaches courses in the Psychology department on thinking and reasoning with an emphasis on insight problem solving, cognitive development with an emphasis on the dynamical nature of development, and higher cognitive processes with an …

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The Four Nobel Truths

These instructions are known as the “four noble truths.” They are called “noble truths” because they are superior and non-deceptive instructions. Read more

About Buddha: The Founder of Buddhism

In general, “Buddha” means “Awakened One,” someone who has awakened from the sleep of ignorance and sees things as they really are. A Buddha is a person who is completely free from all faults and mental obstructions. There are many people who have become Buddhas in the past, and many people will become Buddhas in …

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What changed during the axial age: Cognitive styles or reward systems?

The ‘Axial Age’ (500–300 BCE) refers to the period during which most of the main religious and spiritual traditions emerged in Eurasian societies. Although the Axial Age has recently been the focus of increasing interest,1-5 its existence is still very much in dispute. The main reason for questioning the existence of the Axial Age is that …

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