Cosmic Vision (Claire Isabel Webb )

Enlightenment philosophers were vexed that their expanding empirical science of the external, material world collided with long-standing religious and moral traditions premised solely on internal, a priori knowledge. But for Immanuel Kant, the ‘sensible world’ of appearances emerged from cognitive faculties of the human mind, constitutive of observations gained through human experience. ‘We can cognize of things a …

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6 World War I Battles Fought in Africa (Patrick J. Kiger)

World War I commonly brings to mind scenes of Europe in conflict—the first Battle of the Marne, the siege of Verdun, and the bloody struggle of The Somme, as well as the brutal slog of trench warfare on the Western Front. But the first bullet of the war in late July 1914 wasn’t actually fired in Europe. Instead, as Byron Farwell notes …

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Who Governs? (Morris P Fiorina)

No large-scale society operates under unanimity rules. Consequently, in real world democracies, some interests win and some lose in normal policy making. But at a minimum, democracy demands that all significant interests have a chance to be heard—to have a seat at the table. The experience of the COVID-19 pandemic raises questions about whether that …

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Protecting Sovereignty: The Role of Tribal Courts

Tribal sovereignty has, for many years, been the subject of much debate amongst historians, legislators and members of the legal community. The questions of tribal sovereignty emerged in the early 1800’s in a trilogy of cases commonly referenced as “The Marshall Trilogy”. Although these cases were rooted in territorial discussions one question that the Court …

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Tribal Executive Branches: A Path to Tribal Constitutional Reform

In the modern era, tribes have made tremendous gains in retaining — and reclaiming — their sovereignty.1× But despite this external progress, some tribes have struggled to overcome internal governance challenges. One such challenge is presented by “IRA constitutions”: those constitutions either passed in the period shortly after adoption of the federal Indian Reorganization Act (IRA) in 1934 or …

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American Indian Wars: Timeline

For more than 250 years, as Europeans sought to control newly settled American land, wars raged between Native Americans and the frontiersmen who encroached on their territory, resources and trade. Known as the American Indian Wars, the conflicts involved Indigenous people, the English, French, Spanish and U.S. Army and ended with massive Native American population and …

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Origins and Historical Antecedents of the Second Amendment to the United States Constitution

The origins of the Second Amendment can be traced to ancient Roman and Florentine times, but its English origins developed in the late 16th century when Queen Elizabeth I instituted a national militia in which individuals of all classes were required by law to take part to defend the realm. Although Elizabeth’s attempt to establish a national militia failed miserably, the ideology of the militia …

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