MOSCA, GAETANO (1858–1941) 2

Gaetano Mosca, an Italian legal and political theorist and statesman, was born in Palermo. He was one of several social theorists, including Vilfredo Pareto and Robert Michels, who gave currency to the conception of ruling elites and their circulation as being the basic characteristic of politically organized societies. Mosca outlined his conception in Sulla teorica dei governi e sul …

Read More

Gaetano Mosca (1858–1941)

Italian political scientist, was born in Palermo, Sicily. He took his law degree there in 1881 with the thesis I fattori della nazionalità. The thesis foreshadows some of the characteristics of Mosca’s later writings: his detachment from the ideological climate of the risorgimento and his lively sense of history, which acted as a corrective to his strongly positivistic approach. …

Read More

Cuban Missile Crisis

In October 1962, an American U-2 spy plane secretly photographed nuclear missile sites being built by the Soviet Union on the island of Cuba. President Kennedy did not want the Soviet Union and Cuba to know that he had discovered the missiles. He met in secret with his advisors for several days to discuss the …

Read More

A Philosophical Look at Gaia 2

A generation ago, the Gaia hypothesis was simultaneously met with both an explosion of public popularity and an implosion of rejection by many in the scientific community. This rare occurrence is explained by Michael Ruse, professor of philosophy at Florida State University, in his entertaining and highly readable book The Gaia Hypothesis: Science on a …

Read More

A Philosophical Look at Gaia (Tim Lenton)

A generation ago, the Gaia hypothesis was simultaneously met with both an explosion of public popularity and an implosion of rejection by many in the scientific community. This rare occurrence is explained by Michael Ruse, professor of philosophy at Florida State University, in his entertaining and highly readable book The Gaia Hypothesis: Science on a Pagan Planet. …

Read More

Biodiversity

Biodiversity refers to the variety of living species on Earth, including plants, animals, bacteria, and fungi. While Earth’s biodiversity is so rich that many species have yet to be discovered, many species are being threatened with extinction due to human activities, putting the Earth’s magnificent biodiversity at risk. Read more