Relevant Expertise Aggregation: Aristotelian Middleway for Epistemic Democracy

Decision making in a democracy must respect democratic values, while advancing citizens’ interests. Decisions made in epistemic democracy must also take into account relevant knowledge about the world. Neither aggregation of independent guesses nor deliberations, the standard approach in epistemic democracy offers a satisfactory theory of decision-making that is at once time-sensitive and capable of …

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Xavier Zubiri’s Critique of Classical Philosophy

ABSTRACT: The contemporary Spanish philosopher Xavier Zubiri (1893-1983) developed his philosophy in constant dialogue with the past. Zubiri believed that there are fundamental flaws with classical philosophy that require a fresh approach. His critique of classical philosophy falls into three areas: conceptual, factual, and scope. The first is treated in this paper with respect to five …

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Critical Race Theory

This issue is a hot topic in the United States today. Basically, it is a tension between those who want to get rid off race preferential treatment such as affirmative action and those who want to maintain preferential treatment as a mechanism for protecting minorities from undue treatment by the white-oriented system. This video presents …

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Russia’s most brilliant victories over Napoleon

On Oct. 19, 1812, Napoleon’s Grande Armée, having idled away more than a month in Moscow, left the burned and devastated city on its retreat back through the western provinces of the Russian Empire, where it could wait out the winter. The emperor decided to make a detour to Kaluga in the south, where he planned …

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What Actually Caused the Russo-French War of 1812?

What was it fought over? Why did Napoleon risk invading Russia? And who devised the plan of destroying the Great Army inside Russian territory? In this article, we do not go into the military details of Napoleon’s 1812 campaign against Russia – you can read them here. Rather, this article is aimed at explaining the political …

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Napoleon’s Retreat from Moscow

The Russians refused to come to terms, and both military and political dangers could be foreseen if the French were to winter in Moscow. After waiting for a month, Napoleon began his retreat, his army now 110,000 strong, on October 19, 1812. His first intention was to retire via Kaluga and thus to make a long detour through more …

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The U.S. History Primary Source Timeline

Until the end of the Seven Years’ War in 1763, few colonists in British North America objected to their place in the British Empire. Colonists in British America reaped many benefits from the British imperial system and bore few costs for those benefits. Indeed, until the early 1760s, the British mostly left their American colonies …

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The War of 1812/The Second War of Independence

Sometimes referred to as the “Second War of Independence,” the War of 1812 was the first large scale test of the American republic on the world stage. With the British Navy impressing American sailors, and the British government aiding Native American tribes in their attacks on American citizens on the frontier, Congress, for the first …

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From Barbarism to Civilization

The course of human events is not an eternal round. In the wisdom of the ancients, there are many proverbs to the effect that which is, has been before, and will be again. So far as human experience extends, unaided by reason, days and nights come and go, winter follows summer and summer follows winter …

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